The Actions Of The For An Unstable Government - 1619 Words

With consideration of the two teenagers that became pregnant and now beg to come home. There should be some understanding of obligation and the outcome of course, by some individuals, and does not mean just citizens of your country (â€Å"yourself†) or your (â€Å"neighbor†) consider freedom fighting, and realize that you as an unmentored terrorist, even have the capability of taking someones life. Given the possibility that for yourself you would take up a fight that is ravered as death or do and would you allow an undertaking of peace, to fight for an unstable government? The possiblities should be further reviewed and reaserched and allowed to come back home. I know that sounds a rigid but I am attempting to drive the point, if all actions are condemned and evaluated, by the Grand Jury and not ascertained that a common factor of guilt by observation, was not committing acts as terrorist, peace should then be upon them. The actions of â€Å"ISIS† cannot be uphe ld based on merit or belief that religion was used in the governing factor, for the beginning of what was called World War III. Belief that ISIS was in fact, a free nation, and the land was cursed by even if they did not follow strict religious teachings. For centuries there has been a war involving religion and cults, while using culture and social society. There seems to be in fact a following that is controlled with demons or spirituality wars and (Paul Rand) for which by the people, that quite possibly, do not understand theShow MoreRelatedAn Ounce Of Prevention Is Worth A Pound Of Cure1748 Words   |  7 Pagesour county today, whether it is fixing potholes in the road or discovering medical breakthroughs using science. However, there is one area that you rarely find this principal being used and that is with the relationship between crime and mentally unstable individuals. There are too many examples: massacres killing up to 20 or 30 people at a time and murder-suicides which often claim the lives of innocent people are no longer a rare occurrence. Suicides are committed by mentally ill civilians almostRead MoreFounding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation903 Words   |  4 PagesContributing the New Government The book Founding Brothers - The Revolutionary Generation consists six stories, each of them focuses on a significant creative achievement or failure of seven important men of the early United States. They are George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin, and Aaron Burr. Joseph Ellis has depicted these founding brothers – or founding fathers - in their efforts to lay the republic’s foundation of the most liberalRead MoreWhy Nuclear Weapons are Essential834 Words   |  4 PagesOut of all the dangerous powers and authority our government wields, possibly the most threatening powers are nuclear weapons. People tend to be frightened by things they do not understand, which make nuclear weapons a perfect catalyst for fear. These weapons have the most overwhelming and destructive power known to man; although, nuclear weapons are only safe in countries that try to maintain harmony and stability. Nuclear weapons are defi ned as â€Å"explosive devices whose destructive potential derivesRead MoreAdolf Hitler : A Good Leader863 Words   |  4 PagesHitler knew what he was doing even though he was not mentally sound. There are no excuses for the things this man made his country do to the Jewish people. Although Adolf Hitler was considered mentally ill, this does not excuse him for his actions of the manipulation of the country of Germany, prejudice and bigotry against the Jewish community, and the genocide of millions of innocent people. Adolf Hitler was an extremely persuasive man who knew exactly what to say and do to get theRead MoreThe Causes Of Drug Trafficking991 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected both the minority and majority members around the globe. Every country in the world criminal’s groups seem to have their hand in the drug trade. Even though almost every country criminal’s organization has their hand in the drug trade it is the unstable countries who really have a big impact in the illegal drug trade. The countries that leads the drug trade are Latin America countries lead by the Latin American Cartels. The Cartels and other Organized Crime work together to distribute drugs acrossRead MoreDictatorship to Democracy Overnight in Indonesia1315 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst president and established an autocratic anti-communist regime known as the New Order, which attracted political and economic support from Western governments during the Cold War. At the beginning of this era, he said he would practice a kind of semi-direct democracy, while later, even the news in newspapers was controlled by the government. His era was ended in 1998 by a huge student revolution and riots in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia. The revolution was triggered by the monetary crisisRead MoreCauses and Consequences of Human Trafficking in Haiti Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the globe, whether a country is highly developed or unstable, all countries must face the issue of humanitarian crisis. Th ese misfortunes can be triggered by human action or can occur involuntarily. Ranging from natural disasters, to diseases, to internal or external conflict, each has been proven to be detrimental to the stability of the society. Haiti has recently gotten attention for being simultaneously affected by multiple crises; each of which helps to place Haiti in a trap whichRead MoreChiquita Case1161 Words   |  5 Pageslowest prices to stock in their stores. This means that the supermarkets can directly impact who has the most market shares in the industry. b) Suppliers have low power in the banana industry because they are at the mercy of the buyers, FDA, government import laws, and mother nature. All these factors creates little control for the supplies, and anyone thing can destroy a company. c) There is a low threat of new entrants in the banana industry because the banana industry is control by threeRead MoreAn Evaluation Of A Company At This Time1128 Words   |  5 Pages(Raftopoulos, 2015) also the inflation in Zimbabwe is enormous that the price of consumer items like meat and clothes rose by 223 percent in a week (Wines, 2007). This economic condition can be readily understood that the economy in Zimbabwe is highly unstable; therefore, the investment will be a poor decision. On the other hand, the economy in Japan is quite stable. Japan is one of the biggest exporters in the world also they have they third largest GDP. However, after the market crash in 2008, the JapaneseRead MoreMexico s Independence From Spain Becoming A Young Independent Country Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesterritories. After its independence, Mexico had a vast territory and not enough citizens to occupy the land. Mexican government afraid to losing the un-occupy land, encourage immigrati on from the united states to become Mexican citizen and reside on the Mexican territory called Texas. True the years, the Anglo immigrant population in taxes grow so fast that when the Mexican government try to obtain control over it was too late. According to Acuna, â€Å"By 1844 war with Mexico over Texas and the Southwest

A Brief Side Effect Of Marijuana Essay - 1555 Words

Another side effect includes, according to webmd.com, the mouth becoming very dry. The skin can also have a sensation of heat or cold or maybe even both it all depends on the bud. Cannabis increases your heart rate an extraordinary amount, which can be a major issue for people who have heart problems. In some cases, one’s heart beat so fast it exploded. But if one is looking for a comeback to that bad side effect, the cannabis plant can be good. Cannabis can also help with aches and sores. In fact the cannabis plant relieves cramps and aches in muscles. The THC in the plant relaxes the muscles and lets the lactic acid flow out of the body.(NIH) However, it does have other benefits. It was found in the study, published in the journal Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, that Cannabidiol has the ability to stop cancer by turning off a gene called Id-1. In 2007, researchers at California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco, reported that CBD may prevent cancer from spreading. The researchers experimented on breast cancer cells in the lab that had high level of Id-1, and treated them with cannabidiol. The outcome was rather positive. The cells had decreased Id-1 expression, and were less aggressive spreaders. In fact, the American Association for Cancer Research has found that marijuana actually works to slow down tumor growth in brain, breast, and lungs considerately. THC slows the formation of amyloid plaques by blocking the enzyme in the brain that creates them. These plaquesShow MoreRelatedProhibition Of Drugs And Alcohol1492 Words   |  6 Pageslaw enforcement and outlawing efforts. It is proposed that ending drug prohibition is the key to reducing drug war violence in the U.S. and restoring order to destabilized regions affected abroad. This paper is joining the discussion on the real effects on drug prohibition. Some of the most prominent economists already involved in the issue are Jeffrey Miron and Mark Thornton. 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Although mounting new evidence confirms the healing qualities of marijuana, much opposition still exists preventing it from people who need it the most. The use of marijuana has been around for thousands of years. As reported by Caroline Cahill in the article â€Å"Marijuana 101:Read MorePersuasive Speech : Should Marijuana Be Legalized894 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral purpose: To persuade Specific purpose: To persuade the audience that marijuana should be legalized in all states. INTRODUCTION Attention Step: Imagine being a person who is in agonizing pain day after day and there was not one medicine that was helping you. Feeling helpless everyday of your life but knowing that there was one treatment that you haven t tried and has been proven to be effective but it is illegal in the state you reside in. Relevance to Audience: What if every personRead MoreThe Dark Side Of Drugs1294 Words   |  6 Pagesthe various side effects of this widely debated drug. Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle is a film about two friends in their mid-20s who, at the beginning of the movie, don’t seem to be going anywhere with their lives. The two aren’t necessarily burnouts per say, but neither one of them are taking full advantage of their previous educations or the resources around them. After a particularly stressful day at work, the guys are watching television while smoking a new strain of marijuana that KumarRead MoreMarijuana: Drug or Cure? Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesbe over the legalization of Marijuana. As of 1970 with the passing of The Controlled Substances Act the Federal Government officially classified marijuana as a schedule 1 drug with no real accepted medicinal use at the time (History of Marijuana). As the capabilities of science have progressed over time more and more scientific challenges have bombarded this decision so that more tangible research can be garnered from this plant. The earliest known mention of marijuana as a recreational drug cameRead MoreEssay about Why Marijuana Should Be Legalized1554 Words   |  7 Pageserroneous. Early in the 1900s, a surge of Mexicans immigrated to the U.S., and the marijuana they brought with them was quickly associated with them. In the 1930s, tensions between white Americans and Mexican immigrants were heightened due to the Great Depression, and the use of marijuana was ultimately prohibited for the general public in 1937 with the Marijuana Tax Act (Marijuana Timeline). By the 1960s, marijuana became a symbol of counterculture, and the government stopped any research involvedRead MoreThe Blunt Truth About Marijuana1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Blunt Truth about Marijuana Imagine having a son or daughter who has six or more seizures a day. If you could could decrease the number of seizures they had a day by half, wouldn’t you consider medical marijuana? It is well known that medical cannabis has been used to cure many medical conditions for a long period of time already. Among the diseases marijuana can help treat, nausea, glaucoma, anorexia, epilepsy and more. Medical marijuana also helps with the side effects of many treatments, suchRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay examples812 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana, weed, hashish, pot, it goes by many names. Many people argue that it should be legalize because it’s no better than alcohol and cigarettes. Although these claims holds some truth, marijuana is still a dangerous drug and adding one more problematic drug into the mix will not improve America’s health and safety issues. Although marijuana has its medical benefits, using it for recreational purposes is dangerous f or both us and our society. There are countless debates whether marijuana shouldRead MoreDrug Use And Its Effects On Drugs And The Problems Associated With Drugs859 Words   |  4 PagesThe book From chocolate to morphine provides a brief history of the drugs, how drugs are harvested or manufactured, which kind of experiences they offer, their side effects and suggestions on how to deal with them. The authors maintain the approach of providing the facts about drugs while explaining the relevant terms. Each chapter deals with a specific drug category like stimulants or inhalants. Each section provides tips about drug use and a detailed list of further reading. The book also explores

Sample Costs to Produce Processing Tomatoes Free Essays

string(43) " two passes to a 30-inch depth and rolled\." TM-SV-08-1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA – COOPERATIVE EXTENSION 2008 SAMPLE COSTS TO PRODUCE PROCESSING TOMATOES TRANSPLANTED IN THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY Prepared by: Gene Miyao Karen M. Klonsky Pete Livingston UC Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor, Yolo, Solano, Sacramento Counties UC Cooperative Extension Specialist, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, UC Davis UC Cooperative Extension Staff Research Associate, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, UC Davis UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SAMPLE COSTS TO PRODUCE PROCESSING TOMATOES TRANSPLANTED In the Sacramento Valley – 2008 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 ASSUMPTIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CULTURAL PRACTICES A ND MATERIAL INPUTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 CASH OVERHEAD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Costs to Produce Processing Tomatoes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 NON-CASH OVERHEAD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ REFERENCES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 TABLE 1. COSTS PER ACRE TO PRODUCE PROCESSING TOMATOES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 TABLE 2. COSTS AND RETURNS PER ACRE TO PRODUCE PROCESSING TOMATOES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 TABLE 3. MONTHLY CASH COSTS PER ACRE TO PRODUCE PROCESSING TOMATOES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 TABLE 4. WHOLE FARM ANNUAL EQUIPMENT, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS OVERHEAD COSTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 TABLE 5. HOURLY EQUIPMENT COSTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 TABLE 6. RANGING ANALYSIS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 TABLE 7. COSTS AND RETURNS/ BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 TABLE 8. DETAILS OF O PERATIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 INTRODUCTION The sample costs to produce transplanted processing tomatoes in the Sacramento Valley is based on the 2007 cost and re turns study practices using 2008 prices and are presented in this study. The price adjustments are for fuel, fertilizers, pesticides, water, labor rates, interest rates, and some cash overhead costs. This study is intended as a guide only, and can be used to make production decisions, determine potential returns, prepare budgets and evaluate production loans. Practices described are based on production practices considered typical for the crop and area, but may not apply to every situation. Sample costs for labor, materials, equipment, and custom services are based on current figures. Blank columns, â€Å"Your Costs†, in Tables 1 and 2 are provided to enter actual costs of an individual farm operation. The hypothetical farm operations, production practices, overhead, and calculations are described under the assumptions. For additional information or an explanation of the calculations used in the study, call the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, (530) 752-2414 or the local UC Cooperative Extension office. Two additional cost of production study for processing tomatoes grown in this region are also available: â€Å"Sample Costs To Produce Processing Tomatoes, Direct Seeded, In the Sacramento Valley – 2007†, and â€Å"Sample Costs To Produce Processing Tomatoes, Transplanted, In the Sacramento Valley – 2007†. Sample Cost of Production Studies for many commodities are available and can be requested through the Department of Agricultural Economics, UC Davis, (530) 752-2414. Current studies can be downloaded from the department website http://coststudies. ucdavis. edu/ or obtained from selected county UC Cooperative Extension offices. The University of California prohibits discrimination or harassment of any person on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity , pregnancy (including childbirth, and medical conditions related to pregnancy or childbirth), physical or mental disability , medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or service in the uniformed services (as defined by the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994: service in the uniformed services includes membership, application for membership, performance of service, application for service, or obligation for service in the uniformed services) in any of its programs or activities. University policy also prohibits reprisal or retaliation against any person in any of its programs or activities for making a complaint of discrimination or sexual harassment or for using or participating in the investigation or resolution process of any such complaint. University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University’s nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1111 Franklin Street, 6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94607, (510) 987-0096. 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 2 ASSUMPTIONS The following assumptions refer to tables 1 to 8 and pertain to sample costs and returns to produce transplanted processing tomatoes in the Sacramento Valley. Input prices and interest rates are based on 2008 values. However, production practices were not updated from the 2007 study. Practices described are not recommendations by the University of California, but represent production practices considered typical of a well-managed farm for this crop and area. Some of the costs and practices listed may not be applicable to all situations nor used during every production year and/or additional ones not indicated may be needed. Processing tomato cultural practices and material input costs will vary by grower and region, and can be significant. The practices and inputs used in the cost study serve as a guide only. The costs are shown on an annual, per acre basis. The use of trade names in this report does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation by the University of California nor is any criticism implied by omission of other similar products. Farm. The hypothetical field and row-crop farm consists of 2,900 non-contiguous acres of rented land. Tomatoes are transplanted on 630 acres (70% of the tomato acreage) and direct seeded on 270 acres (30% of the tomato acreage) for a total of 900 acres. Two thousand acres are planted to other rotational crops including alfalfa hay, field corn, safflower, sunflower, dry beans and/or wheat. For direct seeded tomato operations, please refer to the study titled, â€Å"Sample Costs to Produce Processing Tomatoes, Directed Seeded, in the Sacramento Valley – 2007†. The grower also owns various investments such as a shop and an equipment yard. In this report, practices completed on less than 100% of the acres are denoted as a percentage of the total tomato crop acreage. CULTURAL PRACTICES AND MATERIAL INPUTS Land Preparation. Primary tillage which includes laser leveling, discing, rolling, subsoiling, land planing, and listing beds is done from August through early November in the year preceding transplanting. To maintain surface grade, 4% of the acres are laser leveled each year. Fields are stubbledisced and rolled (using a rice roller). Fields are subsoiled in two passes to a 30-inch depth and rolled. You read "Sample Costs to Produce Processing Tomatoes" in category "Essay examples" A medium-duty disk with a flat roller following is used. Ground is smoothed in two passes with a triplane. Beds on five-foot centers are made with a six-bed lister, and then shaped with a bed-shaper cultivator. Transplanting. Planting is spread over a three-month period (late March through early June) to meet contracted weekly delivery schedules at harvest. The transplants are planted in a single line per bed. Direct seed is for the early season and precedes transplanting. All of the 630 acres are custom planted with greenhouse-grown transplants. Costs for extra seed (15%) purchased to allow for less than 100% germination and for non-plantable transplants are included in the respective categories in Table 2. Fertilization. In the fall, ahead of listing beds, a soil amendment, gypsum at 3. 0 tons per acre is custom broadcast spread on 20% of the acres. After listing, as part of the bed shaping operation, 11-52-0 is shanked into the beds at 100 pounds per acre. Prior to planting, liquid starter fertilizer, 8-24-6 plus zinc, is banded below the seed line at 15 gallons of material per acre. Nitrogen fertilizer, UN-32 at 150 pounds of N per acre is sidedress-banded at layby. Additional N is applied under special needs on 20% of acres as CAN 17 at 100 pounds of product per acre as a sidedress. Irrigation. In this study, water is calculated to cost $31. 92 per acre-foot or $2. 66 per acre-inch and is a combination of 1/2 well water ($47. 67 per acre-foot) and 1/2 canal delivered surface water ($16. 17 per acre-foot). The irrigation costs shown in Tables 1 and 3 include water, pumping, and labor charges. The transplants receive a single sprinkler irrigation after planting. Prior to initial furrow irrigation, fields are all chiseled to 12 inches deep in the furrow. Eight furrow irrigations are applied during the season. In 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 3 this study 3. 5 acre-feet (42 acre-inches) is applied to the crop – 2. 0 acre-inches by sprinkler and 40 acreinches by furrow. Although sub-surface drip irrigation is gaining in popularity, it is not used in this study. Pest Management. The pesticides and rates mentioned in this cost study are listed n Integrated Pest Management for Tomatoes and UC Pest Management Guidelines, Tomato. For more information on other pesticides available, pest identification, monitoring, and management visit the UC IPM website at www. ipm. ucdavis. edu. Written recommendations are required f or many pesticides and are made by licensed pest control advisors. For information and pesticide use permits, contact the local county agricultural commissioner’s office. Weeds. Beginning in January, Roundup plus Goal is sprayed on the fallow beds to control emerged weeds and repeated later with Roundup only. Before planting, the beds are cultivated twice to control weeds and to prepare the seedbed. Wilcox Performer conditions bed and applies starter fertilizer. Trifluralin is broadcast sprayed at 1. 0 pint per acre and incorporated with a power mulcher. To control nutsedge, Dual Magnum at 1. 5 pints of product per acre is added to trifluralin as a tank-mix and applied to 30% or 189 acres. Matrix is applied to 80% or 504 acres in an 18-inch band at a rate of 2. 0 ounces of material per acre to control a range of weeds. A combination of hand weeding and mechanical cultivation is also used for weed control. The crop is mechanically cultivated with sled-mounted cultivators three times during the season. A contract labor crew hand removes weeds. Insects and Diseases. The primary insect pests of seedlings included in this study are flea beetle, darkling ground beetle, and cutworm. Foliage and fruit feeders included are tomato fruitworm, various armyworm species, russet mite, stinkbug, and potato aphid. Diseases are primarily bacterial speck, late blight, and blackmold fruit rot. A Kocide and Dithane tank mix for bacterial speck is applied to 30% of the acres. All of the above applications are made by ground. The following applications are made by aircraft. Sulfur dust for russet mite control is applied to 70% of the acres. Asana for general insect control is applied to 40% of the acres. Confirm for worm control is applied to 100% of the acres. Bravo is applied in June to 5% of the acres for late blight control and again in September as a fruit protectant fungicide on 15% of the acres. Fruit Ripener. Ethrel, a fruit ripening agent, is applied by ground before harvest to 5% of the acres at 4. 0 pints per acre. Harvest. The fruit is mechanically harvested using one primary harvester for 90% of the acres and one older harvester for special harvest situations and as a backup to the primary harvester. Typically growers with this acreage of processing tomatoes own tractors, trailer dollies, generator-light machines, and harvest support equipment. Four manual sorters, a harvester driver, and two bulk-trailer tractor operators are used per harvester. A seasonal average of 1. 5 loads per hour at 25 tons per load are harvested with two (one day and one night) shifts of 10 hours each. Harvest efficiency includes down time, scheduled daily breaks, and transportation between fields. The processor pays the transportation cost of the tomatoes from the field to the processing plant. Costs for harvest operations are shown in Tables 1, 3 and 7; the equipment used is listed in Tables 4 and 5. If tomatoes are custom harvested, harvest expenses are subtracted from harvest costs in Tables 1 and 3, and the custom harvest charges added. The equipment for harvest operations is then subtracted from investment costs in Table 4. Growers may choose to own harvesting equipment, purchased either new or 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 4 used, or hire a custom harvester. Many factors are important in deciding which harvesting option a grower uses. The options are discussed in â€Å"Acquiring Alfalfa Hay Harvest Equipment: A Financial Analysis of Alternatives†. Yields. County average annual tomato crop yields in the Sacramento Valley over the past ten years ranged from 26. 34 to 43. 00 tons per acre. The reporting counties are Colusa, Sacramento, Solano, Sutter, Yolo, and sometimes Glenn counties. Butte and Tehama are the only two Sacramento Valley counties that do not report processing tomatoes. The weighted average yields for the Sacramento Valley from 1997 to 2006 are shown in Table A. In this study, a yield of 35 tons per acre is used. Table A. Sacramento Valley Yield and Price †  Tons $ Year per acre per ton 2006 35. 44 59. 28 2005 34. 30 49. 81 2004 40. 51 48. 06 2003 33. 74 48. 82 2002 37. 64 48. 37 2001 35. 23 48. 49 2000 34. 44 49. 54 1999 34. 58 58. 68 1998 29. 90 53. 68 1997 33. 24 50. 85 Average 34. 90 51. 56 Returns. Customarily, growers produce tomatoes under contract with various food processing companies. County †  Source: California Agricultural Commissioner Crop Reports. verage prices in the Sacramento Valley ranged from $45. 66 to $62. 00 per ton over the last 10 years and the Valley-wide weighted averages are shown in Table A. A price of $70. 00 per ton is used in this study to reflect the return price growers are currently receiving. Assessments. Under a state marketing order a mandatory assessment fee is collected and administered by the Processing Tomato Advisory Board (PTAB). The assessment pays for inspecting and grading fruit, and varies between inspection stations. In Yolo County, inspection fees range from $6. 36 to $8. 90 per load with an average of $6. 75. Growers and processors share equally in the fee; growers pay $3. 38 per load in this study. A truckload is assumed to be 25 tons. Tomato growers are also assessed a fee for the Curly Top Virus Control Program (CTVCP) administered by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). Growers in Yolo County (District 111) are charged $0. 019 per ton. Additionally, several voluntary organizations assess member growers. California Tomato Growers Association (CTGA) represents growers’ interest in negotiating contract prices with processors. CTGA membership charges are $0. 17 per ton. The California Tomato Research Institute funds projects for crop improvement. CTRI membership charges are $0. 07 per ton. Labor. Basic hourly wages for workers are $11. 56 and $8. 0 per hour for machine operators and nonmachine (irrigators and manual laborers) workers, respectively. Adding 36% for the employer’s share of federal and state payroll taxes, insurance and other benefits raises the total labor costs to $15. 72 per hour for machine operators and $10. 88 per hour for no n-machine labor. The labor for operations involving machinery is 20% higher than the field operation time, to account for equipment set up, moving, maintenance, and repair. The current minimum wage is $8. 00 per hour. CASH OVERHEAD Cash overhead consists of various cash expenses paid out during the year that are assigned to the whole farm and not to a particular operation. These costs include property taxes, interest on operating capital, office expense, liability and property insurance, share rent, supervisors’ salaries, field sanitation, crop insurance, and investment repairs. Employee benefits, insurance, and payroll taxes are included in labor costs and not in overhead. Cash overhead costs are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. Property Taxes. Counties charge a base property tax rate of 1% on the assessed value of the property. In some counties special assessment districts exist and charge additional taxes on property including equipment, buildings, and improvements. For this study, county taxes are calculated as 1% of the average value of the property. Average value equals new cost plus salvage value divided by 2 on a per acre basis. 008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 5 Interest o n Operating Capital. Interest on operating capital is based on cash operating costs and is calculat ed monthly until harvest at a nominal rate of 6. 75% per year. A nominal interest rate is the typical market cost of borrowed funds. Insurance. Insurance for farm investments varies depending on the assets included and the amount of coverage. Property insurance provides coverage for property loss and is charged at 0. 740% of the average value of the assets over their useful life. Liability insurance covers accidents on the farm and costs $1,438 for the entire farm or $0. 50 per acre. Office Expense. Office and business expenses are estimated to be $50,489 for the entire farm or $17. 41 per acre. These expenses include office supplies, telephones, bookkeeping, accounting, legal fees, road maintenance, office and shop utilities, and miscellaneous administrative expenses. Share Rent. Rent arrangements will vary. The tomato land in this study is leased on a share-rent basis with the landowner receiving 12% of the gross returns. The land rented includes developed wells and irrigation system. Field Supervisors’ Salary. Supervisor salaries for tomatoes, including insurance, payroll taxes, and benefits, and are $94,500 per year for two supervisors. Two thirds of the supervisors’ time is allocated to tomatoes. The costs are $70. 00 per acre. Any returns above total costs are considered returns on risk and investment to management (or owners). Field Sanitation. Sanitation services provide portable toilet and washing facilities for the ranch during the crop season. The cost includes delivery and weekly service. Costs will vary depending upon the crops and number of portable units required. Crop Insurance. The insurance protects the grower from crop losses due to adverse weather conditions, fire, unusual diseases and/or insects, wildlife, earthquake, volcanic eruption, and failure of the irrigation system. The grower can choose the protection level at 50% to 75% of production history or county yields. In this study, no level is chosen. The cost shown in the study is the average of the costs paid by the growers who reviewed this study. NON-CASH OVERHEAD Non-cash overhead is calculated as the capital recovery cost for equipment and other farm investments. Although farm equipment used for processing tomatoes may be purchased new or used, this study shows the current purchase price for new equipment. The new purchase price is adjusted to 60% to reflect a mix of new and used equipment. Annual ownership costs (equipment and investments) are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 5. They represent the capital recovery cost for investments on an annual per acre basis. Capital Recovery Costs. Capital recovery cost is the annual depreciation and interest costs for a capital investment. It is the amount of money required each year to recover the difference between the purchase price and salvage value (unrecovered capital). It is equivalent to the annual payment on a loan for the investment with the down payment equal to the discounted salvage value. This is a more complex method of calculating ownership costs than straight-line depreciation and opportunity costs, but more accurately represents the annual costs of ownership because it takes the time value of money into account (Boehlje and Eidman). The formula for the calculation of the annual capital recovery costs is; Capital *# # * ,% Purchase † Salvage( ) %Recovery(/ + ,Salvage ) Interest/ % ( Pr ice Value Value Rate + . ‘ $ , / ‘. Factor +$ 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study ! Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 6 Salvage Value. Salvage value is an estimate of the remaining value of an investment at the end of its useful life. For farm machinery the remaining value is a percentage of the new cost of the investment (Boehlje and Eidman). The percent remaining value is calculated from equations developed by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) based on equipment type and years of life. The life in years is estimated by dividing the wear out life, as given by ASAE by the annual hours of use in this operation. For other investments including irrigation systems, buildings, and miscellaneous equipment, the value at the end of its useful life is zero. The salvage value for land is equal to the purchase price because land does not depreciate. The purchase price and salvage value for certain equipment and investments are shown in Table 5. Capital Recovery Factor. Capital recovery factor is the amortization factor or annual payment whose present value at compound interest is 1. The amortization factor is a table value that corresponds to the interest rate and the life of the equipment. Interest Rate. The interest rate of 4. 25% used to calculate capital recovery cost is the effective long-term interest rate in January 2008. The interest rate is used to reflect the long-term realized rate of return to these specialized resources that can only be used effectively in the agricultural sector. Equipment Costs. Equipment costs are composed of three parts: non-cash overhead, cash overhead, and operating costs. Some of the cost factors have been discussed in previous sections. The operating costs consist of repairs, fuel, and lubrication. The fuel, lube, and repair cost per acre for each operation in Table 1 is determined by multiplying the total hourly operating cost in Table 5 for each piece of equipment used for the selected operation by the hours per acre. Tractor time is 10% higher than implement time for a given operation to account for setup, travel and down time. Repairs, Fuel and Lube. Repair costs are based on purchase price, annual hours of use, total hours of life, and repair coefficients formulated by the ASAE. Fuel and lubrication costs are also determined by ASAE equations based on maximum Power-Take-Off horsepower, and fuel type. Prices for on-farm delivery of diesel and unleaded gasoline are $3. 54 and $3. 57 per gallon, respectively. Irrigation System. Irrigation equipment owned by the grower consists of main lines, hand moved sprinklers, portable pumps, V-ditchers, and siphon tubes. Risk. Risks associated with processing tomato production are not assigned a production cost. All acres are contracted prior to harvest and all tonnage-time delivery contracts are assumed to have been met. No excess acres are grown to fulfill contracts. While this study makes an effort to model a production system based on typical, real world practices, it cannot fully represent financial, agronomic and market risks which affect the profitability and economic viability of processing tomato production. Table Values. Due to rounding the totals may be slightly different from the sum of the components. 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 7 REFERENCES American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 2003. American Society of Agricultural Engineers Standards Yearbook. Russell H. Hahn and Evelyn E. Rosentreter (ed. ) St. Joseph, Missouri. 41st edition. Barker, Doug. California Workers’ Compensation Rating Data for Selected Agricultural Classifications as of January 2008. California Department of Insurance, Rate Regulation Branch. Boehlje, Michael D. , and Vernon R. Eidman. 1984. Farm Management. John Wiley and Sons. New York, NY. Blank, Steve, Karen Klonsky, Kim Norris, and Steve Orloff. 1992. Acquiring Alfalfa Hay Harvest Equipment: A Financial Analysis of Alternatives. University of California. Oakland, CA. Giannini Information Series No. 92-1. http://giannini. ucop. edu/InfoSeries/921-HayEquip. pdf. Internet accessed May, 2008. California State Automobile Association. 2008. Gas Price Averages 2007 – 2008. AAA Press Room, San Francisco, CA. http://www. csaa. com/portal/site/CSAA/menuitem. 5313747aa611bd4e320cfad592278a0c/? vgnextoid= 8d642ce6cda97010VgnVCM1000002872a8c0RCRD. Internet accessed April, 2008. California State Board of equalization. Fuel Tax Division Tax Rates. http://www. boe. ca. gov/sptaxprog/spftdrates. htm. Internet accessed April, 2008. CDFA-California County Agricultural Commissioners, California Annual Agricultural Crop Reports. 1998 – 2007. California Department of Food and Agricultural, Sacramento, CA. http://www. nass. usda. gov/ca/bul/agcom/indexcac. htm. Internet accessed May, 2008. Energy Information Administration. 2008. Weekly Retail on Highway http://tonto. eia. doe. gov/oog/info/gdu/gasdiesel. asp. Internet accessed April, 2008. Diesel Prices. Integrated Pest Management Education and Publications. 2008. â€Å"UC Pest Management Guidelines, Tomatoes. † In M. L. Flint (ed. ) UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines. University of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Oakland, CA. Publication 3339. http://www. ipm. ucdavis. edu/PMG/selectnewpest. tomatoes. html. Internet accessed May, 2008. Miyao, Gene, Karen M. Klonsky, and Pete Livingston. 2007. â€Å"Sample Costs To Produce Processing Tomatoes, Transplanted, In the Sacramento Valley – 2007†. University of California, Cooperative Extension. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Davis, CA. http://coststudies. ucdavis. edu/. Internet accessed April, 2008. Miyao, Gene, Karen M. Klonsky, and Pete Livingston. 2007. Sample Costs to Produce Processing Tomatoes, Direct Seeded, in the Sacramento Valley – 2007. University of California, Cooperative Extension. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Davis, CA. http://coststudies. ucdavis. edu/. Internet accessed, April, 2008. 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 8 Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project. 1998. Integrated Pest Management for Tomatoes. Fourth Edition. University of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Oakland, CA. Publication 3274. http://www. ipm. ucdavis. edu/PMG/selectnewpest. tomatoes. html. Internet accessed April, 2008. USDA-ERS. 2008. Farm Sector: Farm Financial Ratios. Agriculture and Rural Economics Division, ERS. USDA. Washington, DC. http://usda. mannlib. cornell. edu/reports/nassr/price/zapbb/agpran04. txt; Internet accessed January, 2008. ________________________ For information concerning the above or other University of California publications, contact UC DANR Communications Services at 800994-8849, online at http://anrcatalog. ucdavis. edu/InOrder/Shop/Shop. asp, or your local county UC Cooperative Extension office. 008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 9 Table 1. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION COSTS PER ACRE TO PRODUCE TOMATOES SACRAMENTO VALLEY – 2008 TRANSPLANTED Labor Rate: $15. 72/hr. machine labor $10. 88/hr. non-machine labor Interest Rate: 6. 75% Y ield per Acre: 35. 0 Ton Operation —————— Cash and Labor Costs per Acre —————–Time Labor Fuel, Lube Material Custom/ Total (Hrs/A) Cost Repairs Cost Rent Cost 0. 00 0. 14 0. 42 0. 15 0. 36 0. 00 0. 10 0. 25 0. 08 0. 08 0. 26 1. 83 0. 17 0. 33 0. 00 0. 16 3. 00 0. 61 0. 33 0. 25 0. 25 0. 03 0. 04 10. 00 0. 00 0. 04 0. 00 0. 07 0. 00 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 0 0. 00 0. 32 0. 32 16. 42 0. 10 0. 93 0. 46 1. 49 0. 00 0. 00 0 3 8 3 7 0 2 5 1 1 10 39 3 6 0 3 33 12 6 5 5 1 1 109 0 1 0 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 12 6 212 2 58 32 92 0 0 344 0 18 53 10 22 0 6 12 3 3 19 145 7 13 0 6 0 21 13 15 12 1 2 0 0 2 0 3 0 17 0 0 0 0 8 0 122 4 177 34 215 0 0 482 0 0 0 0 0 79 0 42 12 13 0 146 36 13 354 9 18 0 112 0 0 5 0 107 1 0 15 20 0 0 5 4 27 2 0 0 727 0 0 0 0 14 14 887 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 165 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 50 0 3 1 6 0 0 0 231 0 0 0 0 0 0 239 7 20 61 13 29 81 8 59 16 17 28 338 46 33 519 19 51 32 131 20 17 6 3 216 1 3 21 24 50 27 7 4 33 2 20 6 1,292 6 235 66 308 14 14 66 2,017 1 17 0 25 70 294 6 4 6 423 2,440 Operation Preplant: Land Preparation – Laser Level – 4% of Acreage Land Preparation – Stubble Disc Roll Land Preparation – Subsoil Roll 2X Land Preparation – Disc Roll Land Preparation – Triplane 2X Land Preparation – Apply Gypsum on 20% of Acreage Land Preparation – List Beds Land Preparation – Shape Fertilize (11-52-0) Weed Control – Roundup Goal Weed Control – Roundup Weed Control – Cultivate 2X TOTAL PREPLANT COSTS Cultural: Condition Bed Starter Fertilizer Mulch Beds Apply Treflan ( Dual on 30% of Acreage) Transplant Tomatoes Weed Control – Apply Matrix on 80% of Acreage Irrigate – Sprinklers 1X Weed Control – Cultivate 3X Fertilize – 150 Lbs N Sidedress Chisel Furrows Mulch Beds Disease Control – Bacterial Speck on 30% of Acreage Open Ditches Irrigate – Furrow 8X Disease Control – Late Blight on 5% of Acreage Close Ditches Mite Control â₠¬â€œ Sulfur on 70% of Acreage Fertilize – 20 Lbs N on 20% of Acreage Weed Control – Hand Hoe – Contract Train Vines Insect Control – Aphid on 40% of Acreage Disease Control – Fruit Rot on 15% of Acreage Insect Control – Worms Fruit Ripener – Ethrel on 5% of Acreage Pickup Truck Use (2 pickups) ATV Use TOTAL CULTURAL COSTS Harvest: Open Harvest Lane on 8% of Acreage Harvest In Field Hauling TOTAL HARVEST COSTS Assessment: Assessments/Fees TOTAL ASSESSMENT COSTS Interest on Operating Capital @ 6. 75% TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/ACRE CASH OVERHEAD: Liability Insurance Office Expense Field Sanitation Crop Insurance Field Supervisors’ Salary (2) Land Rent @ 12% of Gross Returns Property Taxes Property Insurance Investment Repairs TOTAL CASH OVERHEAD COSTS TOTAL CASH COSTS/ACRE Your Cost 008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 10 UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Table 1 continued NON-CAS H OVERHEAD: Investment Shop Building Storage Building Fuel Tanks Pumps Shop Tools Booster Pumps Sprinkler Pipe Main Line Pipe – 10†³ Semi Truck Lowbed Trailer Pipe Trailers Truck-Service – 2 Ton Generators Light Fuel Wagons Closed Mix System Siphon Tubes Implement Carrier Equipment TOTAL NON-CASH OVERHEAD COSTS TOTAL COSTS/ACRE Per producing Acre 25 10 8 5 21 52 28 12 12 13 3 1 2 4 3 755 953 — Annual Cost -Capital Recovery 2 1 1 0 2 6 3 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 94 116 2 1 1 0 2 6 3 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 94 116 2,555 008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 11 Table 2. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION COSTS and RETURNS PER ACRE to PRODUCE TOMATOES SACRAMENTO VALLEY – 2008 TRANSPLANTED Labor Rate: $15. 72/hr. machine labor $10. 88/hr. non-machine labor Interest Rate: 6. 75% Yield per Acre: 35. 0 Ton Price or Value or Cost/Unit Cost/Acre 70. 00 2,450 2,450 Your Cost Quantity/Acre Unit GROSS RETURNS Processing Toma toes 35. 00 TOTAL GROSS RETURNS FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES OPERATING COSTS Custom: Laser Level 0. 04 Gypsum Application 0. 20 Transplanting 8. 70 Air Application – Spray 10 Gal/Acre 1. 60 Air Application – Dust 28. 0 Fertilizer: Gypsum 0. 60 11-52-0 100. 00 8-24-6 15. 00 Zinc Chelate 6% 2. 00 UN-32 150. 00 CAN 17 118. 00 Herbicide: Roundup Ultra 2. 50 Goal 2XL 3. 00 Dual Magnum 0. 45 Treflan HFP 1. 00 Matrix DF 0. 48 Seed: Tomato Seed 10. 01 Transplant: Transplants – Growing 8. 70 Irrigation: Water 42. 00 Pump – Fuel, Lube, Repairs 1. 00 Fungicide: Kocide 101 0. 60 Dithane DF 0. 60 Sulfur, Dust 98% 28. 00 Insecticide: Bravo Weatherstik 0. 60 Warrior T 1. 54 Confirm 12. 00 Contract: Contract Labor 5. 00 Growth Regulator: Ethrel 0. 03 Assessment: CDFA-CTVP 35. 00 CTGA 35. 00 CTRI 35. 00 PTAB 35. 00 Labor (machine) 9. 34 Labor (non-machine) 18. 08 Fuel – Gas 1. 5 Fuel – Diesel 77. 61 Lube Machinery repair Interest on Operating Capital @ 6. 75% TO TAL OPERATING COSTS/ACRE NET RETURNS ABOVE OPERATING COSTS/ACRE Ton Acre Ton Thou Acre Lb Ton Lb Lb Pint Lb N Lb Pint FlOz Pint Pint Oz Thou Thou AcIn Acre Lb Lb Lb Pint FlOz FlOz Hour Gal Ton Ton Ton Ton Hrs Hrs Gal Gal 165. 00 7. 00 19. 00 6. 25 0. 20 132. 00 0. 419 2. 28 0. 913 0. 745 0. 171 8. 59 1. 03 18. 63 4. 84 19. 25 11. 00 28. 00 2. 67 13. 00 3. 62 3. 89 0. 55 7. 85 3. 05 2. 23 9. 99 63. 00 0. 019 0. 17 0. 07 0. 135 15. 72 10. 88 3. 57 3. 54 7 1 165 10 6 79 42 34 2 112 20 21 3 8 5 9 110 244 112 13 2 2 15 5 5 27 50 2 1 6 2 5 147 197 7 275 42 159 66 2,017 406 008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 12 UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Table 2 continued CASH OVERHEAD COSTS: Liability Insurance Office Expense Field Sanitation Crop Insurance Field Supervisors’ Salary (2) Land Rent @ 12% of Gross Returns Property Taxes Property Insurance Investment Repairs TOTAL CASH OVERHEAD COSTS/ACRE TOTAL CASH COSTS/ACRE NON-CASH OVE RHEAD COSTS (CAPITAL RECOVERY): Shop Building Storage Building Fuel Tanks Pumps Shop Tools Booster Pumps Sprinkler Pipe Main Line Pipe – 10†³ Semi Truck Lowbed Trailer Pipe Trailers Truck-Service – 2 Ton Generators Light Fuel Wagons Closed Mix System Siphon Tubes Implement Carrier Equipment TOTAL NON-CASH OVERHEAD COSTS/ACRE TOTAL COSTS/ACRE NET RETURNS ABOVE TOTAL COSTS/ACRE 1 17 0 25 70 294 6 4 6 423 2,440 2 1 1 0 2 6 3 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 94 116 2,555 -105 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 13 Table 3. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION MONTHLY CASH COST PER ACRE TO PRODUCE TOMATOES SACRAMENTO VALLEY – 2008 TRANSPLANTED SEP 07 7 20 61 13 29 81 8 59 16 17 28 62 46 33 519 19 51 14 20 17 6 2 54 2 54 3 21 24 50 27 7 4 33 2 2 0 42 2 12 6 21 14 14 11 87 OCT 07 NOV 07 DEC 07 JAN 08 FEB MAR 08 08 APR MAY 08 08 JUN 08 JUL AUG 08 08 SEP 08 TOTAL Beginning SEP 07 Ending SEP 08 Preplant: Laser Level – 4% of Acreage Land Prep – Stubble Disc Roll Land Prep – Subsoil Roll 2X Land Prep – Disc Roll Land Prep – Triplane 2X Land Prep – Apply Gypsum on 20% of Acreage Land Prep – List Beds Land Prep – Shape Beds Fertilize Weed Control – Roundup Goal Weed Control – Roundup Weed Control – Cultivate 2X TOTAL PREPLANT COSTS Cultural: Condition Bed Starter Fertilizer Mulch Beds Apply Herbicide Transplant Tomatoes Weed Control – Apply Matrix on 80% of Acreage Irrigate – Sprinklers 1X Weed Control – Cultivate 2X Fertilize – 150 Lbs N – Sidedress Chisel Furrows Mulch Beds Disease Control – Bacterial Speck – 30% of Acreage Open Ditches Irrigate – Furrow 8X Disease Control – Late Blight 5% of Acreage Close Ditches Mite Control – Sulfur 70% of Acreage Fertilize – 20 Lb N 20% of Acreage We ed Control – Hand Hoe Train Vines Insect Control – Aphids 40% of Acreage Disease Control – Fruit Rot 15% of Acreage Insect Control – Worms – Confirm Fruit Ripener – Ethrel 5% of Acreage Pickup Truck Use (2 pickups) ATV Use TOTAL CULTURAL COSTS Harvest: Open Harvest Lane 8% of Acreage Harvest In Field Hauling TOTAL HARVEST COSTS Assessment: Assessments/Fees TOTAL ASSESSMENT COSTS Interest on Operating Capital @ 6. 5% TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/ACRE OVERHEAD: Liability Insurance Office Expense Field Sanitation Crop Insurance Field Supervisors’ Salary (2) Land Rent @ 12% of Gross Returns Property Taxes Property Insurance Investment Repairs TOTAL CASH OVERHEAD COSTS TOTAL CASH COSTS/ACRE 210 67 7 20 61 13 29 81 8 59 16 17 28 338 46 33 519 19 51 32 131 20 17 6 3 216 1 3 21 24 50 27 7 4 33 2 20 6 1,292 6 235 66 308 14 14 66 2,017 1 17 0 25 70 294 6 4 6 423 2,440 7 131 10 54 54 1 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 48 2 0 2 2 0 35 2 0 686 2 0 211 2 0 57 2 0 200 2 111 31 144 2 0 2 2 111 29 143 1 213 2 70 2 4 2 4 2 112 1 1 0 25 5 2 4 2 37 6 693 7 219 8 65 10 354 11 155 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 3 2 0 12 16 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 3 2 0 12 367 1 0 5 1 0 5 294 0 7 220 0 7 78 0 7 11 0 7 11 0 33 145 0 7 44 0 7 700 0 7 226 0 7 72 0 7 162 301 388 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 14 Table 4. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WHOLE FARM ANNUAL EQUIPMENT, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS OVERHEAD COSTS SACRAMENTO VALLEY – 2008 TRANSPLANTED ANNUAL EQUIPMENT COSTS – Cash Overhead Insurance Taxes 318 430 331 448 477 645 828 1,118 1,060 1,433 211 285 17 24 58 78 45 60 22 30 132 178 58 79 22 29 245 330 195 263 36 49 209 283 1,265 1,710 99 134 91 123 72 97 72 97 9 12 62 83 62 83 35 47 10 14 10 14 10 14 10 14 9 12 175 236 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 97 131 70 94 20 26 6,465 8,737 3,879 5,242 Description 110 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 155 HP 2WD Tractor 200 HP Crawler 425 HP Crawler 92 HP 2WD Tractor ATV Bed Shaper – 3 Row Cultivator – Alloway 3 Row Cultivator – Perfecta 3 Row Cultivator – Performer 3 Row Cultivator – 3 Row Cultivator – Sled 3 Row Disc – Stubble 18†² Disc – Finish 25†² Ditcher – V Harvester Tomato – Used Harvester -Tomato Lister – 3 Row Mulcher – 15†² Pickup Truck – 1/2 Ton Pickup Truck – 3/4 Ton Rear Blade – 8†² Rice Roller – 18†² Flat Roller – 18†² Ringroller – 30†² Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Spray Boom – 25†² Subsoiler – 16†² – 9 Shank Trailer Dolly Trailer Dolly Trailer Dolly Trailer Dolly Triplane – 16†² Vine Diverter Vine Trainer TOTAL 60% of New Cost * * Used to reflect a mix of new and used equipment. Yr 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 Price 66,445 69,163 99,594 172,650 221,197 44,015 4,017 13,292 10,236 5,100 30,281 11,868 4,980 49,847 44,743 8,631 46,108 331,980 20,176 20,507 17,655 17,655 2,269 14,139 14,139 7,952 2,374 2,374 2,374 2,374 1,781 35,605 1,451 1,451 1,451 1,451 22,253 16,046 4,800 1,444,424 866,654 Yrs Life 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 5 10 12 8 8 5 9 7 7 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 Salvage Value 19,627 20,430 29,418 50,998 65,338 13,001 710 2,351 1,810 902 5,355 3,866 881 16,237 7,912 1,195 10,411 10,000 6,572 4,098 1,766 1,766 218 2,500 2,500 1,406 420 420 420 420 580 11,598 139 139 139 139 3,935 2,838 480 302,935 181,761 Capital Recovery 6,678 6,952 10,010 17,353 22,233 4,424 443 1,466 1,129 562 3,339 1,974 549 8,293 4,934 855 5,799 48,743 3,357 2,406 2,747 2,747 197 1,559 1,559 877 262 262 262 262 296 5,923 126 126 126 126 2,454 1,769 560 173,739 104,243 Total 7,427 7,731 11,133 19,299 24,726 4,920 484 1,602 1,234 615 3,649 2,111 600 8,868 5,392 940 6,291 51,718 3,589 2,620 2,916 2,916 219 1,704 1,704 958 286 286 286 286 317 6,334 140 140 140 140 2,682 1,934 606 188,941 113,364 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 15 UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Table 4 continued ANNUAL INVESTMENT COSTS —— Cash Overhead —–Insurance Taxes Repairs 243 18 89 9 31 40 328 132 147 294 59 45 614 118 157 2,325 329 24 121 12 42 54 444 178 199 397 80 61 830 160 212 3,142 1,643 221 439 44 210 487 2,219 700 531 722 145 313 4,152 586 3,860 16,272 Description INVESTMENT Booster Pumps Closed Mix System Fuel Tanks Pumps Fuel Wagons Generators Light Implement Carrier Main Line Pipe – 10†³ Pipe Trailers Semi Truck Lowbed Trailer Shop Building Shop Tools Siphon Tubes Sprinkler Pipe Storage Building Truck-Service – 2 Ton TOTAL INVESTMENT Price 59,757 4,412 21,949 2,186 7,620 9,742 80,676 35,000 36,170 72,168 14,465 11,066 150,980 29,112 38,600 573,903 Yrs Life 10 10 20 10 5 15 10 10 15 25 20 15 10 20 5 Salvage Value 5,976 441 2,195 219 762 974 8,068 700 3,617 7,217 1,447 1,107 15,098 2,911 3,860 54,592 Capital Recovery 6,967 514 1,579 255 1,584 844 9,407 4,311 3,133 4,575 1,041 958 17,604 2,095 8,022 62,889 Total 9,182 778 2,228 320 1,867 1,424 12,398 5,322 4,010 5,988 1,324 1,377 23,201 2,959 12,252 84,629 ANNUAL BUSINESS OVERHEAD Units/ Farm 900 2,900 900 900 2,900 2,900 Price/ Unit 25. 00 0. 48 70. 00 294. 00 0. 50 17. 41 Total Cost 22,500 1,392 63,000 264,600 1,450 50,489 Description Crop Insurance Field Sanitation Field Supervisors’ Salary (2) Land Rent @ 12% of Gross Returns Liability Insurance Office Expense Unit Acre Acre Acre Acre Acre Acre 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 16 Table 5. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION HOURLY EQUIPMENT COSTS SACRAMENTO VALLEY – 2008 TRANSPLANTED ——————- COSTS PER HOUR —————————- Cash Overhead ——– Operating ——-InsurFuel Total Total ance Taxes Repairs Lube Oper. Costs/Hr. 0. 13 0. 18 3. 12 25. 99 29. 11 32. 20 0. 17 0. 22 3. 25 30. 71 33. 96 37. 82 0. 24 0. 32 4. 67 36. 62 41. 29 46. 86 0. 31 0. 42 4. 63 47. 25 51. 88 59. 12 0. 40 0. 54 5. 93 100. 40 106. 33 115. 61 0. 11 0. 14 2. 06 30. 71 32. 77 35. 24 0. 05 0. 07 1. 09 0. 0 1. 09 2. 54 0. 17 0. 24 2. 87 0. 00 2. 87 7. 69 0. 13 0. 18 2. 21 0. 00 2. 21 5. 92 0. 07 0. 09 1. 05 0. 00 1. 05 2. 90 0. 35 0. 47 6. 25 0. 00 6. 25 15. 98 0. 07 0. 09 2. 68 0. 00 2. 68 5. 05 0. 03 0. 05 1. 08 0. 00 1. 08 2. 03 0. 37 0. 50 8. 52 0. 00 8. 52 21. 85 0. 59 0. 79 7. 43 0. 00 7. 43 23. 64 0. 13 0. 18 2. 42 0. 00 2. 42 5. 84 0. 63 0. 85 2. 08 61. 07 63. 15 82. 07 1. 09 1. 47 124. 44 61. 07 185. 51 229. 90 0. 15 0. 21 4. 24 0. 00 4. 24 9. 76 0. 15 0. 20 2. 36 0. 00 2. 36 6. 67 0. 16 0. 22 1. 27 11. 97 13. 24 19. 81 0. 16 0. 22 1. 27 11. 97 13. 24 19. 81 0. 04 0. 06 0. 31 0. 00 0. 31 1. 30 0. 19 0. 25 1. 63 0. 00 1. 63 6. 76 0. 14 0. 9 1. 63 0. 00 1. 63 5. 52 0. 10 0. 14 0. 91 0. 00 0. 91 3. 79 0. 03 0. 04 0. 64 0. 00 0. 64 1. 47 0. 13 0. 17 0. 64 0. 00 0. 64 4. 14 0. 05 0. 07 0. 64 0. 00 0. 64 2. 00 0. 02 0. 02 0. 64 0. 00 0. 64 1. 07 0. 02 0. 02 0. 49 0. 00 0. 49 1. 12 0. 26 0. 35 8. 32 0. 00 8. 32 17. 83 0. 01 0. 01 0. 11 0. 00 0. 11 0. 28 0. 01 0. 01 0. 11 0. 00 0. 11 0. 28 0. 01 0. 01 0. 11 0. 00 0. 11 0. 28 0. 01 0. 01 0. 11 0. 00 0. 11 0. 28 0. 16 0. 21 3. 43 0. 00 3. 43 7. 74 0. 17 0. 23 2. 78 0. 00 2. 78 7. 57 0. 04 0. 05 2. 88 0. 00 2. 88 4. 03 Yr 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 Description 110 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 155 HP 2WD Tractor 200 HP Crawler 425 HP Crawler 92 HP 2WD Tractor ATV Bed Shaper – 3 Row Cultivator – Alloway 3 Row Cultivator – Perfecta 3 Row Cultivator – Performer 3 Row Cultivator – 3 Row Cultivator – Sled 3 Row Disc – Stubble 18†² Disc – Finish 25†² Ditcher – V Harvester Tomato – Used Harvester -Tomato Lister – 9 Row Mulcher – 15†² Pickup Truck – 1/2 Ton Pickup Truck – 3/4 Ton Rear Blade – 8†² Rice Roller – 18†² Flat Roller – 18†² Ringroller – 30†² Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Spray Boom – 25†² Subsoiler – 16†² – 9 Shank Trailer Dolly Trailer Dolly Trailer Dolly Trailer Dolly Triplane – 16†² Vine Diverter Vine Trainer Actual Hours Capital Used Recovery 1,443. 2 2. 78 1,200. 0 3. 48 1,199. 3 5. 01 1,599. 4 6. 51 1,599. 8 8. 34 1,199. 2 2. 21 199. 5 1. 33 199. 5 4. 41 199. 8 3. 39 199. 8 1. 69 225. 1 8. 90 533. 0 2. 22 380. 0. 87 399. 2 12. 46 199. 5 14. 84 165. 2 3. 10 199. 4 17. 45 699. 0 41. 84 390. 0 5. 16 365. 4 3. 95 266. 5 6. 18 266. 5 6. 18 132. 2 0. 89 199. 2 4. 70 262. 5 3. 56 199. 5 2. 64 206. 6 0. 76 49. 1 3. 20 126. 0 1. 25 401. 9 0. 39 299. 4 0. 59 399. 5 8. 90 499. 6 0. 15 499. 7 0. 15 499. 3 0. 15 499. 7 0. 15 373. 8 3. 94 241. 9 4. 39 315. 0 1. 07 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 17 Table 6. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION RANGING ANALYSIS SACRAMENTO VALLEY – 2008 TRANSPLANTED COSTS PER ACRE AT VARYING YIELDS FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES YIELD (TONS/ACRE) 26. 0 29. 0 32. 0 35. 0 38. 0 41. OPERATING COSTS/ACRE: Preplant Cost 338 338 338 338 338 338 Cultural Cost 1292 1,292 1,292 1,292 1,292 1,292 Harvest Cost 228 255 281 308 334 360 Assessment Cost 14 14 14 14 14 14 Interest on Operating Capital TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/ACRE TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/TON CASH OVERHEAD COSTS/ACRE TOTAL CASH COSTS/ACRE TOTAL CASH COSTS/TON NON-CASH OVERHEAD COSTS/ACRE TOTAL COSTS/ACRE TOTAL COSTS/TON 65 1937 74 422 2359 91 113 2472 95 65 1,964 68 422 2,386 82 114 2,500 86 65 1,990 62 423 2,413 75 115 2,528 79 66 2,017 58 423 2,440 70 116 2,555 73 66 2,044 54 423 2,466 65 117 2,583 68 66 2,071 51 423 2,493 61 117 2,611 64 44. 0 338 1,292 387 14 67 2,097 48 423 2,520 57 118 2,638 60 NET RETURNS PER ACRE ABOVE OPERATING COSTS FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES PRICE YIELD (DOLLARS/TON) (TONS/ACRE) Processing Tomatoes 26. 0 29. 0 32. 0 35. 0 38. 0 41. 0 44. 0 55. 00 -507 -369 -230 -92 46 184 323 60. 00 -377 -224 -70 83 236 389 543 65. 00 -247 -79 90 258 426 594 763 70. 00 -117 66 250 433 616 799 983 75. 00 13 211 410 608 806 1,004 1,203 80. 00 143 356 570 783 996 1,209 1,423 85. 00 273 501 730 958 1,186 1,414 1,643 NET RETURNS PER ACRE ABOVE CASH COSTS FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES PRICE YIELD (DOLLARS/TON) (TONS/ACRE) Processing Tomatoes 26. 0 29. 0 32. 0 35. 0 38. 0 41. 0 44. 0 55. 00 -929 -791 -653 -515 -376 -238 -100 60. 00 -799 -646 -493 -340 -186 -33 120 65. 0 -669 -501 -333 -165 4 172 340 70. 00 -539 -356 -173 10 194 377 560 75. 00 -409 -211 -13 185 384 582 780 80. 00 -279 -66 147 360 574 787 1,000 85. 00 -149 79 307 535 764 992 1,220 NET RETURNS PER ACRE ABOVE TOTAL COSTS FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES PRICE YIELD (DOLLARS/TON) (TONS/ACRE) Processing Tomatoes 26. 0 29. 0 32. 0 35 . 0 38. 0 41. 0 44. 0 55. 00 -1,042 -905 -768 -630 -493 -356 -218 60. 00 -912 -760 -608 -455 -303 -151 2 65. 00 -782 -615 -448 -280 -113 54 222 70. 00 -652 -470 -288 -105 77 259 442 75. 00 -522 -325 -128 70 267 464 662 80. 00 -392 -180 32 245 457 669 882 85. 00 -262 -35 192 420 647 874 1,102 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 18 Table 7. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION COSTS AND RETURNS/ BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS SACRAMENTO VALLEY – 2008 TRANSPLANTED COSTS AND RETURNS – PER ACRE BASIS 1. Gross Returns Crop Processing Tomatoes 2,450 2,017 2. Operating Costs 3. Net Returns Above Oper. Costs (1-2) 433 4. Cash Costs 2,440 5. Net Returns Above Cash Costs (1-4) 10 6. Total Costs 2,555 7. Net Returns Above Total Costs (1-6) -105 COSTS AND RETURNS – TOTAL ACREAGE 1. Gross Returns Crop Processing Tomatoes 1,543,500 2. Operating Costs 1,270,748 3. Net Returns Above Oper. Costs (1-2) 272,752 4. Cash Costs 1,536,994 5. Net Returns Above Cash Costs (1-4) 6,506 6. Total Costs 1,609,965 7. Net Returns Above Total Costs (1-6) -66,465 BREAKEVEN PRICES PER YIELD UNIT Base Yield (Units/Acre) 35. 0 Yield Units Ton ——– Breakeven Price To Cover ——-Operating Cash Total Costs Costs Costs ———— $ per Yield Unit ———–57. 63 69. 70 73. 01 CROP Processing Tomatoes BREAKEVEN YIELDS PER ACRE Yield Units Ton Base Price ($/Unit) 70. 00 ——– Breakeven Yield To Cover ——-Operating Cash Total Costs Costs Costs ———– Yield Units / Acre ———-28. 8 34. 9 36. 5 CROP Processing Tomatoes 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 19 Table 8. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION DETAILS OF OPERATIONS SACRAMENTO VALLEY – 2008 TRANSPLANTED Operation Laser Level – 4% Of Acreage Land Prep – Stubble Disc Roll Land Prep – Subsoil Roll 2X Land Prep – Disc Roll Land Prep – Triplane 2X Land Prep – Apply Gypsum on 20% of Acreage Land Prep – List Beds Land Prep – Shape Beds Fertilize Weed Control – Roundup Goal Weed Control – Roundup Weed Control – Cultivate 2X Condition Beds Apply Starter Fertilizer Power Mulch Apply Herbicides – Treflan ( Dual on 30% of Acreage) Transplant Tomatoes Operation Month September September Tractor/ Power Unit Custom 425 HP Crawler Implement Laser Level Disc – Stubble 18†² Rice Roller – 18†² Subsoiler – 16†² – 9 Shank Disc – Finish 25†² Ringroller – 30†² Triplane – 16†² Broadcast Material Material Rate/Acre Unit 0. 04 Acre September 425 HP Cr awler 200 HP Crawler September 200 HP Crawler September Gypsum Application October October January January January 200 HP Crawler 155 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 110 HP 2WD Tractor 92 HP 2WD Tractor 110 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor Custom Gypsum Lister – 9 Row Bed Shaper – 3 Row Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Spray Boom – 25†² Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Spray Boom – 25†² Cultivator – Alloway 3 Row Cultivator – Perfecta 3 Row Cultivator – Performer 3 Row Mulcher – 15†² Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon 0. 20 Ton 11-52-0 Zinc Chelate Roundup Ultra Goal 2 XL Roundup Ultra 100. 00 2. 00 1. 00 3. 00 1. 50 Lb Pint Pint FlOz Pint January March April Weed Control – Apply Matrix on 80% of Acreage Irrigate – Sprinklers 1X Weed Control – Cultivate 3X April April April April May May April May April April July April May June July June 130 HP 2WD Tractor Fertilize – 150 Lbs N Sidedress Chisel Furrows Mulch Beds Disease Control – Bacterial Speck – on 30% of Acreage Open Ditches Irrigate – Furrow 8X 10 HP 2WD Tractor 110 HP 2WD Tractor 110 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 200 HP Crawler 155 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 200 HP Crawler 200 HP Crawler Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Cultivator – Sled 3 Row Labor Cultivator – Sled 3 Row Cultivator – Sled 3 Row Cultivator – 3 Row Cultivator – Sled 3 Row Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Cultivator – 3 Row Cultivator – Sled 3 Row Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Ditcher – V Ditcher – V Labor Labor Labor Labor 8-24-6 Treflan HFP Dual Magnum Tomato Seed Transplants – Growing Transplanting Matrix DF Water 15. 00 1. 00 0. 45 10. 44 8. 70 8. 70 0. 48 2. 00 Lb Pint Pint Thou Thou Thou Oz AcIn UN-32 150. 00 Lbs N Kocide 101 Dithane DF 0. 60 0. 60 Lb Lb Disease Control – Late Blight on 5% of Acreage Close Ditches Air Application Spray 200 HP Crawler 200 HP Crawler Air Application Dust 130 HP 2WD Tractor Contract Labor 110 HP 2WD Tractor Air Application Spray Rear Blade – 8†² Rear Blade – 8†² Cultivator – Sled 3 Row Saddle Tank – 300 Gallon Vine Trainer Water Water Water Water Bravo Weatherstik 10. 00 10. 00 10. 00 10. 00 0. 15 AcIn AcIn AcIn AcIn Pint July July Mite Control – Sulfur on 70% of Acreage July Fertilize – 20 Lbs N on 20% of Acreage July Weed Control – Hand Hoe Train Vines Insect Control – Aphids on 40% of Acreage Disease Control – Fruit Rot on 15% of Acreage Insect Control – Worms Fruit Ripener – Ethrel on 5% of Acreage Open Harvest Lane on 8% of Acreage July July July Sulfur, Dust 98% CAN 17 Labor Warrior T Bravo Weatherstik Confirm 28. 00 118. 00 5. 00 1. 54 0. 45 12. 00 0. 03 How to cite Sample Costs to Produce Processing Tomatoes, Essay examples

Knowing Your Audience free essay sample

The collapse of the Chilean Copper Mine was covered worldwide for several weeks. Over 30 workers were trapped in a mine for well over a month. The rescue teams and US advisory team had to be very cautious when speaking to the miners, families, and news reporters. These teams had to keep in mind the different roles of the people in the audience and how they would receive the message. They also had to keep in mind the potential needs of the families of the miners and how they receive a message concerning the incident. Finally they especially had to keep in mind the potential needs of the company’s employees when receiving a message about the incident. When speaking to the audience surrounding this incident the person delivering the message would need to be well prepared for questions, confident when answering questions and addressing the audience, and remember to speak in a style that everyone could understand. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowing Your Audience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With an incident so dangerous and time consuming it is best for the speaker to have great nonverbal communication skills. Before you even open your mouth, your facial expressions, your clothes, your walk, your body posture, your skin color, your hairstyle, etc are communicating much about you† (Cheesebro, T. , O’Connor, L. , Rios, F. , 2010). The speaker needs to be confident, have strong body posture, and have a controlled facial expression. This will keep the audience from reacting with any type of unnecessary panic. The verbal message is also important but the non-verbal communication is noticed before any words are spoken. In a crisis such as the Chilean Copper Mine Collapse one must take into consideration the potential needs of the families of the miners when receiving a message in regards to this incident. When delivering this message the speaker will want to issue an informative message. â€Å"This type of informative speech explains how something works (processes) or how something is done (procedures)† (Cheesebro, T. , O’Connor, L. , Rios, F. , 2010). The families will benefit from an informative message letting them know what has been done, what will be done, and how it will get done. This way the families understand what is going on and can feel like they are a part of the process. Informing the family will help them feel like they are not disregarded or unimportant which can give them a sense of calm. If the families of the miners are upset, then the miners will become upset which will cause complete chaos, and in a situation like this chaos is the last thing anyone needs. The companies’ employees are the main people affected by this incident so the message to them should be from someone responsible in the company such as an owner, ceo, president, or vice president. The employees need to know that this incident is the priority for the company and that they are involved. The message should cover the main points that are important to the employees and the organization. This message should let the employees know that they are not alone or forgotten. Making sure the employees understand that the company is involved will also insure the employees that are not trapped that they would not be of less value if they were trapped in a situation like this one. Employees need to know that they count in any situation and that their safety is of high regards to the company. Before any messages are delivered the speaker should make sure they are ready to cover all of the important points. The speaker must listen as well as speak so that they know what the audience wants to know and what they are expecting to hear. After the message is delivered the speaker will need to listen to the response to ensure that the audience received the message correctly. Giving and receiving feedback to and from the audience is also important because it gives you an idea of what the audience may want to know in the next informative speech. In conclusion when speaking to a group of people or to an individual face-to-face it is important to put one’s self in their shoes and understand what information is needed. During the Chilean Copper Mine Collapse there were several hundred people involved in the process, so remembering the different roles of the people involved was imperative. What the families of these miners needed to hear and know during this incident made all the difference on how they would react. Letting the employees know that they were not alone in this incident makes all the difference in the world to them, their families, and their friends. When dealing with an incident of this magnitude everyone affected needs to be involved and sending the right message is vital to the health and well being of the people the incident affects. References Cheesebro, T. , O’Connor, L. , Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the workplace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Chapter 4 9 Draft communications For the families of the trapped miners I chose a face-to-face approach Hello everyone, I would like to take a moment to address the incident at hand and to inform you all as to what we are doing to cooperate with the rescue teams. First Minera San Esteban Primera would like you all to know that he is sorry he could not be here today to address the situation himself but he has asked that I let you all know that he to is concerned for the well being of the miners trapped as well as their families. What we know so far is that the miners have been located and appear to be some 2,300 feet underground. The rescue teams have made contact with the gentlemen and they are in great spirits and will be able to communicate with their families soon. Rescuers have developed a way to send and receive supplies to the trapped men so they are now able to receive â€Å"food, clothing, books, letters and music from an ipod† (Spotts, P, 2010). This situation is going to take some time as the rescuers work on getting the trapped men to the surface. We are all going to try to make them as comfortable as possible and keep you all informed as the process continues. Does anyone have any additional questions? For the employees internal news release I chose an e-mail Dear employees, Hello everyone, I would like to take a moment to address the incident at hand and to inform you all as to what we are doing to cooperate with the rescue teams. Minera San Esteban Primera is fully involved in the rescue attempts and is giving full cooperation as needed. What we know so far is that the miners have been located and appear to be some 2,300 feet underground. The rescue teams have made contact with the gentlemen and they are in great spirits and will be able to communicate with their families soon. Rescuers have developed a way to send and receive supplies to the trapped men so they are now able to receive â€Å"food, clothing, books, letters and music from an ipod† (Spotts, P, 2010). This situation is going to take some time as the rescuers work on getting the trapped men to the surface. We are all going to try to make them as comfortable as possible and keep you all informed as the process continues. We will be having an open conference for the employees later this week to address any of your additional concerns. All employees will be able to speak to a supervisor if needed and counseling will be made available to those who would like it. I will send out an additional email later with the date and time of the conference. Thank you, (Your name) Communications lead.