Food Rewards - 982 Words

The OFC function has been implicated in the devaluation of food rewards by satiety (Gremel and Costa, 2013). It has been implicated in various cue related behaviors modulated by changes in expected value. Furthermore, the OFC neurons hold value based information ‘online’ to guide future decision-making and therefore estimate the likelihood of specific outcomes to guide future responses (Wilson et al, 2014). Given that the OFC receives significant sensory information, the OFC likely integrates signals about sensory properties with expected outcomes (Thompson et al, 2017). Thus, the OFC registers the current value of foods and updates actions based on this information. However, several studies have indicated that obese humans and rats fed a†¦show more content†¦Studies show that an inability to shift between habits and goal directed actions (break habits) might underlie distorted behaviours observed in obsessive-compulsive disorder addiction, and other decision-ma king disorders. Goal directed and habitual actions are controlled by different parts of the striatum, which lies posterior to the orbitofrontal cortex (Figure 1). Through lever pressing experiments done on mice, it has been determined that the dorsal medial striatum (DMS) is necessary for goal directed actions (Thompson et al, 2017), while the dorsal lateral striatum (DLS) is necessary for habitual actions. The OFC modulate medial striatum through direct projections and indirectly through connexions with striatal projecting cortical areas, basolateral amygdala and ventral tegmental/substantia nigra. Through lesions of the lateral OFC, which did not affect neighbouring cortices, it has been discovered that mice do not reduce lever pressing following outcome revaluation. Conversely, Sham mice, which are mice used as a control through fake surgical intervention, shifted between habitual and goal directed actions. OFC lesioned mice showed intact habitual actions but disrupted goal dire cted actions. This suggests that the OFC is critical in modifying outcome value, and that obese mice may have similar disruptions in the OFC, causing them to eat in a habit-like fashion. Overall, it seems that the execution of daily life tasks, such as transitioning between goalShow MoreRelatedShould Animals Be A Food Reward And The Second Being An Affectionate Reward1663 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract (Project Manager: Trista Riddle) This project was written to determine whether animals will dance according to, two separate kinds of training. The first type being a food reward and the second being an affectionate reward. Our paper is based on a study conducted at Butler University by students in the Department of Psychology. This study was performed on 270 cats and dogs, but for this particular situation we cut the sample size to 119 cats and dogs. 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